Is melatonin safe for kids?

Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland in the brain that regulates the sleep-wake cycle. It has become a popular supplement for adults to improve sleep quality, but some parents have also turned to melatonin to help their children sleep. However, there are concerns about the safety of melatonin supplementation for kids, and a recent study suggests that it may have an effect on puberty.

First, it is important to note that the use of melatonin in children is generally considered safe when used appropriately and under the guidance of a healthcare professional. Melatonin is a hormone that is naturally produced by the body and helps to regulate the sleep-wake cycle. It is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders, such as insomnia or jet lag, in adults and children.

However, there are some potential risks associated with melatonin supplementation in children. One concern is that it may interfere with the normal development of the sleep-wake cycle in children. Children naturally produce melatonin at higher levels than adults, and supplementing with melatonin may disrupt this natural rhythm.

Another concern is that melatonin supplementation may affect the development of children's reproductive systems. A recent study published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism found that melatonin supplementation in prepubertal boys was associated with an earlier onset of puberty. The study followed 116 boys between the ages of 6 and 16, and found that those who had taken melatonin had higher levels of testosterone and an earlier onset of puberty compared to those who had not taken melatonin.

While this study is concerning, it is important to note that it is just one study and more research is needed to fully understand the potential effects of melatonin supplementation on children's development. Additionally, the study only included boys, so it is unclear whether the same effects would be seen in girls.

Despite these concerns, melatonin is still considered safe for short-term use in children when used appropriately and under the guidance of a healthcare professional. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommends that parents and caregivers should first try behavioral approaches to help their children sleep, such as establishing a consistent bedtime routine, avoiding electronics before bed, and creating a calming sleep environment. If these approaches do not work, then a healthcare professional may recommend melatonin supplementation.

When using melatonin, it is important to follow the dosing instructions carefully and only use a reputable brand. The appropriate dose of melatonin will vary depending on the child's age, weight, and sleep disorder, and a healthcare professional can provide guidance on the appropriate dose.

In summary, while melatonin supplementation in children is generally considered safe when used appropriately and under the guidance of a healthcare professional, there are some potential risks to consider. Parents and caregivers should first try behavioral approaches to help their children sleep, and only consider melatonin supplementation if these approaches do not work. Additionally, more research is needed to fully understand the potential effects of melatonin supplementation on children's development.

Sources:

1. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. (2017). Clinical practice guideline for the pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 13(2), 307–349. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.6470

2. Buscemi, N., Vandermeer, B., Pandya, R., Hooton, N., Tjosvold, L., Hartling, L., … Klassen, T. P. (2006). Melatonin for treatment of sleep disorders. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment, (108), 1–7.

3. Carskadon, M. A., & Dement, W. C. (2011). Normal human sleep: An overview. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine

What is GABA? Benefits and Risks

Gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA, is a neurotransmitter that plays a critical role in the function of the nervous system. It is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, meaning that it helps to reduce the activity of neurons in the brain and central nervous system. GABA is produced naturally in the body and is also available as a dietary supplement. In this article, we will discuss the benefits and risks associated with GABA.

Benefits of GABA

Reducing Anxiety

One of the most well-known benefits of GABA is its ability to reduce anxiety. GABA acts as a natural tranquilizer, helping to calm the mind and reduce feelings of anxiety and stress. GABA supplements are often used to help people with anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder.

Improving Sleep

GABA also plays a role in regulating sleep. It helps to promote relaxation and drowsiness, which can improve sleep quality and reduce the time it takes to fall asleep. GABA supplements are often used as a natural sleep aid, particularly for people who have difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.

Increasing Growth Hormone

GABA has been shown to stimulate the production of growth hormone in the body. Growth hormone is essential for growth and development, and it also plays a role in regulating body composition, bone density, and muscle mass. Increasing growth hormone levels can lead to a variety of benefits, including increased muscle mass, decreased body fat, and improved athletic performance.

Lowering Blood Pressure

GABA has been shown to have a beneficial effect on blood pressure. It can help to relax blood vessels and improve blood flow, which can reduce blood pressure levels. GABA supplements may be particularly helpful for people with high blood pressure, although more research is needed to fully understand its effects.

Boosting Immune System

GABA has been shown to have a positive effect on the immune system. It can help to increase the production of certain immune cells, such as natural killer cells and T cells, which can help to improve immune function and reduce the risk of infection.

Risks of GABA

Side Effects

GABA supplements are generally considered safe, but some people may experience mild side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, or headache. These side effects are usually temporary and go away on their own.

Drug Interactions

GABA supplements may interact with certain medications, particularly those that affect the nervous system. If you are taking any medications, it is important to talk to your healthcare provider before taking GABA supplements.

Not FDA-Approved

GABA supplements are not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This means that the quality and purity of GABA supplements can vary widely. It is important to choose a reputable brand and talk to a healthcare provider before taking any new dietary supplements.

Limited Research

While there is some evidence to support the use of GABA supplements for anxiety, sleep, and other conditions, more research is needed to fully understand its benefits and risks. Some studies have shown conflicting results, and more research is needed to determine the optimal dosage and duration of treatment.

Conclusion

GABA is a neurotransmitter that plays a critical role in the function of the nervous system. It is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps to reduce the activity of neurons in the brain and central nervous system. GABA supplements have been shown to have a variety of benefits, including reducing anxiety, improving sleep, increasing growth hormone, lowering blood pressure, and boosting the immune system. However, there are also some risks associated with GABA, including potential side effects, drug interactions, lack of FDA regulation

Sources

Abdou AM, Higashiguchi S, Horie K, et al. Relaxation and immunity enhancement effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) administration in humans. Biofactors. 2006;26(3):201-208. doi:10.1002/biof.5520260304

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Hyaluronic Acid for Skin Health

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural substance that is found in our skin, joints, and connective tissues. It is a glycosaminoglycan, which means that it is a long chain of sugars that is capable of holding water molecules. Because of this property, hyaluronic acid is often used in skin care products to improve skin hydration and overall health. In this article, we will discuss the benefits of hyaluronic acid for skin health and the science behind its effectiveness.

Benefits

Hydration

One of the primary benefits of hyaluronic acid for skin health is hydration. HA can hold up to 1,000 times its weight in water, which means that it can help to keep our skin hydrated and plump. When our skin is hydrated, it looks smoother and more youthful, and it is less prone to fine lines and wrinkles. HA can also help to improve skin elasticity, which is important for maintaining a youthful appearance.

Anti-Aging

As we age, the amount of hyaluronic acid in our skin decreases, which can lead to dryness, wrinkles, and sagging skin. Using hyaluronic acid in skin care products can help to replenish the skin's natural stores of HA, which can help to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. It can also help to improve skin texture and tone, giving the skin a more youthful appearance.

Wound Healing

Hyaluronic acid has been shown to have wound-healing properties. It can help to promote the growth of new skin cells and blood vessels, which can help to speed up the healing process. HA can also help to reduce inflammation and redness, which can be especially beneficial for those with sensitive skin or skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis.

Sun Protection

Research has shown that hyaluronic acid can help to protect the skin from UV damage. When applied topically, HA can help to prevent the breakdown of collagen and elastin fibers in the skin, which are essential for maintaining skin elasticity and firmness. It can also help to reduce the formation of dark spots and other signs of sun damage.

Acne

Hyaluronic acid can also be beneficial for those with acne-prone skin. It is non-comedogenic, which means that it does not clog pores, and it can help to regulate sebum production, which is often a contributing factor to acne. HA can also help to reduce inflammation and redness associated with acne.

Oral Hyaluronic Acid

While hyaluronic acid is primarily used topically in skin care products, there is growing interest in its potential benefits when taken orally as a dietary supplement. Some studies have suggested that oral supplementation with hyaluronic acid may improve skin hydration and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

One study published in the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology found that women who took an oral hyaluronic acid supplement for 12 weeks experienced significant improvements in skin hydration and elasticity compared to those who took a placebo. Another study published in the Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition found that oral supplementation with hyaluronic acid for 8 weeks improved skin moisture content and reduced the appearance of wrinkles in middle-aged women.

However, it is important to note that the results of these studies are preliminary, and more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits of oral hyaluronic acid supplementation for skin health. Additionally, the efficacy of oral supplementation may vary depending on the form of hyaluronic acid used and the dosage.

Side Effects

Hyaluronic acid is generally considered safe for use in skin care products and as an oral supplement. However, some people may experience mild side effects such as redness, itching, or irritation when using hyaluronic acid topically. These side effects are usually temporary and go away on their own.

When taking hyaluronic acid orally, some people may experience mild gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, gas, or diarrhea. It is important to follow the recommended dosage and talk to a healthcare provider before taking any new dietary supplements.

Choosing Hyaluronic Acid Products

When choosing hyaluronic acid products for skin care, it is important to look for high-quality formulations that contain a sufficient concentration of HA. There are several different forms of hyaluronic acid, each with their own benefits. Some alternate forms include:

Hyaluronic acid

This compound is said to have a high molecular weight (> 1,800kDa). It remains on the surface of the epidermis and creates a protective film that prevents water from evaporating. It also moisturizes the surface layers of the skin and provides a tightening effect.

Hydrolyzed hyaluronic acid

This is the hydrolysate of hyaluronic acid derived by an acid, enzyme or other hydrolysis method. Hydrolysis allows the hyaluronic acid to be split into smaller fragments. It is thus possible to recover a hyaluronic acid of intermediate molecular weight (> 1,000–1,800kDa). This is then stored in the connective tissue of the skin and prevents water evaporation.

Sodium Hyaluronate

The salts of hyaluronic acid are often used because of their great stability and their ease of incorporation in cosmetic formulas. They are more resistant to oxidation than other types of hyaluronic acid. Moreover, this form of hyaluronic acid exists at a significantly lower molecular weight than pure hyaluronic acid and hydrolyzed hyaluronic acid. It is called low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (> 100–1000kDa). The latter penetrates deeper into the epidermis, to the base of the corneal structure, to revitalize the skin. It reinforces and stimulates the production of hyaluronic acid naturally produced by the body.

Sodium Hyaluronate Crosspolymer

Low molecular weight salts of hyaluronic acid are cross-linked to form a larger molecular weight molecule. This compound is new to skin care. It is interesting because it offers formulators the stability of hyaluronic acid salts and the humectant properties of higher molecular weight hyaluronic acids.

Sodium Acetylated Hyaluronate

This form of HA is very recent in the beauty world. Acetylation is a chemical reaction that replaces hydroxyl (OH) functions in hyaluronic acid with acetyl CH₃CO groups. This form of hyaluronic acid thus has both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties. It has excellent affinity with the skin and high absorption. Research has shown that this ingredient absorbs three times more water than ordinary hyaluronic acid and guarantees prolonged hydration. In addition, in 2021, researchers demonstrated the ability of acetylated hyaluronic acid to inhibit the release of MMP-1 which degrades collagen in mature skin and skin explants exposed to UV light and urban dust. Acetylated hyaluronic acid has also been shown to reduce crow's feet and nasolabial fold wrinkles (wrinkles running from the nose to the mouth). This form of hyaluronic acid is therefore particularly promising in the fight against the signs of aging.

Oral hyaluronic acid products

When taking hyaluronic acid supplements orally, it is important to choose a reputable brand and follow the recommended dosage. Look for products that contain pure, high-quality hyaluronic acid and avoid products that contain fillers or other unnecessary ingredients.

Conclusion

Hyaluronic acid is a valuable ingredient in skin care products due to its ability to improve skin hydration, elasticity, and anti-aging properties. It can also aid in wound healing and provide sun protection. While more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits of oral hyaluronic acid supplementation for skin health, preliminary studies suggest it may improve skin hydration and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Overall, hyaluronic acid is a safe and effective ingredient for improving skin health and is a valuable addition to any skin care routine.

Sources

1. Papakonstantinou, E., Roth, M., & Karakiulakis, G. (2012). Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 253-258. doi:10.4161/derm.21923

2. Hwang, J. H., Shin, J. W., & Chung, B. Y. (2019). Hyaluronic Acid and Skin: Moisture Retention, Inflammation, and Aging. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(22), 5478. doi:10.3390/ijms20225478

3. Kogan, G., & Sood, A. (2018). Molecular weight dictates the effects of hyaluronan on skin health and disease: A review. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 17(5), 496-502.

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L-Ergothioneine: Risks and Benefits

L-ergothioneine is a naturally occurring amino acid that has been found to have potential health benefits. It is commonly found in mushrooms, liver, and other foods, and has been studied for its potential use in the treatment of a variety of health conditions. In this article, we'll explore the latest research on the risks and benefits of L-ergothioneine.

What is L-Ergothioneine?

L-ergothioneine is a naturally occurring amino acid that is produced by certain fungi and bacteria. It is found in high concentrations in mushrooms, as well as in other foods such as liver, kidney, and black beans.

Benefits of L-Ergothioneine

Antioxidant Properties

One of the most well-known benefits of L-ergothioneine is its antioxidant properties. L-ergothioneine has been found to scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, which can lead to a variety of health problems.

Anti-Inflammatory Properties

L-ergothioneine has also been found to have anti-inflammatory properties. In a study conducted on human cells, L-ergothioneine was found to reduce the production of inflammatory cytokines. This suggests that L-ergothioneine may have potential for use in the treatment of inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.

Improved Cognitive Function

L-ergothioneine may also have benefits for cognitive function. In a study conducted on mice, L-ergothioneine was found to improve spatial memory and learning ability. This suggests that L-ergothioneine may be a potential treatment option for cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.

Potential Anti-Cancer Properties

L-ergothioneine has also been found to have potential anti-cancer properties. In a study conducted on human cancer cells, L-ergothioneine was found to inhibit the growth of cancer cells.

Risks of L-Ergothioneine

Limited Research on Humans

While there is promising research on L-ergothioneine, much of it has been conducted on animals or in vitro. More research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of L-ergothioneine for humans.

Potential Side Effects

Like any supplement, L-ergothioneine may have potential side effects. While there is limited research on the side effects of L-ergothioneine, some potential side effects include gastrointestinal upset, headache, and allergic reactions.

Quality Control

As with any supplement, there are concerns about the quality and purity of L-ergothioneine supplements. Consumers should only purchase supplements from reputable sources and should be wary of supplements that make unsubstantiated claims.

Conclusion

L-ergothioneine is a naturally occurring amino acid that has been found to have a variety of potential health benefits, including antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory properties, improved cognitive function, and potential anti-cancer properties. However, more research is needed to fully understand the risks and benefits of L-ergothioneine for humans. Consumers should be wary of potential side effects and only purchase supplements from reputable sources.

Sources

1. Cheah, I. K., et al. (2017). Ergothioneine levels in an elderly population decrease with age and incidence of cognitive decline; a risk factor for neurodegeneration? Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 486(4): 1051-55.

2. Halliwell, B. (2013). Ergothioneine—a diet-derived antioxidant with therapeutic potential. FEBS Lett, 587(21): 3739-47.

The Benefits of Ice Baths

Ice baths, also known as cold water immersion, have been used for decades by athletes and fitness enthusiasts to help speed up recovery and reduce muscle soreness. While ice baths were once considered an extreme recovery method, today they are commonly used by athletes at all levels.

In recent years, researchers have started to study the effects of ice baths more closely, and the results have been surprising. In this article, we'll take a look at some of the benefits of ice baths and the latest research on this popular recovery method.

What is an Ice Bath?

An ice bath is a type of cold water immersion that involves sitting in a tub of ice-cold water for a set period of time, typically between 5 and 15 minutes. The water temperature is usually around 50 degrees Fahrenheit, although some athletes prefer to go colder.

Ice baths are thought to work by causing blood vessels to constrict, which helps to reduce inflammation and flush waste products out of the muscles. The cold water also helps to numb the nerves, which can help to reduce pain and soreness.

Benefits of Ice Baths

Reduced Muscle Soreness

One of the primary benefits of ice baths is that they can help to reduce muscle soreness after a workout. A study published in the Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport found that athletes who used ice baths after a workout reported less muscle soreness than those who did not.

Another study published in the International Journal of Sports Medicine found that ice baths were effective at reducing muscle soreness after high-intensity exercise.

Faster Recovery

In addition to reducing muscle soreness, ice baths can also help to speed up recovery time after a workout. A study published in the European Journal of Applied Physiology found that ice baths were effective at reducing muscle damage and inflammation, which helped to speed up recovery time.

Improved Performance

Ice baths may also help to improve athletic performance. A study published in the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research found that athletes who used ice baths after a workout were able to perform better in subsequent workouts than those who did not.

Another study published in the International Journal of Sports Medicine found that ice baths were effective at improving endurance performance in cyclists.

Reduced Inflammation

Inflammation is a natural response to injury or infection, but chronic inflammation can be harmful to the body. Ice baths have been shown to help reduce inflammation, which can help to reduce the risk of injury and promote overall health.

A study published in the Journal of Athletic Training found that ice baths were effective at reducing inflammation in the muscles after a workout.

Improved Sleep

Finally, ice baths may also help to improve sleep. A study published in the Journal of Sleep Research found that cold water immersion helped to improve sleep quality in athletes.

Potential Risks of Ice Baths

While ice baths are generally considered safe for most people, there are some potential risks to be aware of. These include:

1. Hypothermia - if the water is too cold or if the person stays in the water for too long, it can lead to hypothermia.

2. Numbness - the cold water can cause temporary numbness, which can be uncomfortable.

3. Skin irritation - some people may experience skin irritation or even frostbite if they stay in the water for too long.

4. Breathing difficulties - some people may experience breathing difficulties or even asthma attacks due to the cold water.

It is important to talk to a healthcare provider before starting any new recovery method, including ice baths.

In conclusion, ice baths may be an effective and accessible recovery method for athletes and fitness enthusiasts. As more research is conducted on ice baths, we may learn even more about the benefits of this popular recovery method.

Sources

1. Bleakley, C. M., et al. "Cold-water immersion (cryotherapy) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2 (2012).

2. Roberts, L. A., et al. "Post-exercise cold water immersion attenuates acute anabolic signaling and long-term adaptations in muscle to strength training." Journal of Applied Physiology 117.3 (2014): 231-239.

3. Wilcock, I. M., et al. "Whole-body cryotherapy (extreme cold air exposure) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise in adults." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9 (2015).

4. Sellwood, K. L., et al. "Ice-water immersion and delayed-onset muscle soreness: a randomised controlled trial." British Journal of Sports Medicine 40.5 (2006): 392-397.

5. Machado, A. F., et al. "Cold-water immersion and other forms of cryotherapy: physiological changes potentially affecting recovery from high-intensity exercise." Extreme Physiology & Medicine 4.1 (2015): 1-11.

6. Vaile, J., et al. "Effect of hydrotherapy on recovery from fatigue." International Journal of Sports Medicine 28.11 (2007): 947-953.

7. Hohenauer, E., et al. "Effects of post-exercise cooling on recovery parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis." International Journal of Sports Medicine 40.7 (2019): 423-443.

8. Pournot, H., et al. "Time-course of changes in inflammatory response after whole-body cryotherapy multi exposures following severe exercise." PloS one 6.7 (2011): e22748.

9. Shang, Q., et al. "Effect of cold water immersion on peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations, NK cell cytotoxicity, and apoptosis in human athletes." European Journal of Applied Physiology 111.7 (2011): 1601-1608.

10. Peiffer, J. J., et al. "Ice-water immersion during breaks in intermittent exercise does not improve repeated sprint cycling performance." European Journal of Applied Physiology 108.5 (2010): 1095-1104.

The Benefits of Sauna: A Comprehensive Guide to Types, Uses, and Health Benefits

For centuries, people have been using saunas to relax, unwind, and promote good health. Saunas can be found all over the world and come in a variety of types, including Finnish, infrared, and steam rooms. Each type of sauna offers unique benefits, and choosing the right one for your needs is important. In this article, we'll explore the different types of saunas and their benefits, as well as some tips for getting the most out of your sauna experience.

Types of Saunas

Finnish Saunas

Finnish saunas are perhaps the most well-known type of sauna. They are heated using a wood-burning stove or an electric heater and maintain a temperature between 70 and 100 degrees Celsius (158 to 212 degrees Fahrenheit). The air in Finnish saunas is relatively dry, with a humidity level of around 10 to 20 percent.

Infrared Saunas

Infrared saunas use infrared heaters to emit light that is absorbed by the body. This type of sauna operates at a lower temperature than a traditional sauna, typically between 50 and 60 degrees Celsius (122 to 140 degrees Fahrenheit). The heat from infrared saunas penetrates the body more deeply than the heat from Finnish saunas, which some people find more beneficial.

Steam Rooms

Steam rooms, also known as Turkish baths, are similar to saunas in that they use heat to promote relaxation and detoxification. However, steam rooms are generally kept at a lower temperature than saunas, typically between 40 and 50 degrees Celsius (104 to 122 degrees Fahrenheit), and have a much higher humidity level, often around 100 percent.

Benefits of Sauna

Relaxation and Stress Relief

One of the main benefits of saunas is their ability to promote relaxation and reduce stress. The heat and humidity of a sauna can help to soothe tired muscles and joints, promote better sleep, and reduce feelings of anxiety and depression.

Improved Cardiovascular Health

Saunas have also been shown to have a positive impact on cardiovascular health. Spending time in a sauna can help to increase blood flow and lower blood pressure, which can help to reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke.

Detoxification

Saunas are also believed to aid in detoxification, helping to rid the body of harmful toxins and pollutants. The heat and humidity of a sauna can help to open up pores, allowing toxins to be released through the skin.

Pain Relief

Saunas can also be effective at relieving pain. The heat from a sauna can help to soothe sore muscles and joints, reducing inflammation and promoting healing.

Skin Health

Regular sauna use can also have a positive impact on skin health. The heat and humidity of a sauna can help to open up pores, removing dirt and oil and promoting healthy skin. Saunas have also been shown to improve the appearance of skin, reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles and promoting a more youthful complexion.

Weight Loss

Saunas may also aid in weight loss by increasing metabolism and promoting the burning of calories. While saunas alone are not a substitute for a healthy diet and exercise, they can be a helpful addition to a weight loss program.

Which Type of Sauna is the Most Beneficial?

When it comes to choosing the right type of sauna, it really depends on your personal preferences and health goals. Finnish saunas are the most traditional and well-known type of sauna and are a good choice for those who prefer dry heat. Infrared saunas, on the other hand, are a good choice for those who prefer a more penetrating heat and may benefit from the deeper heat penetration.

Steam rooms are a good choice for those who prefer a lower temperature and higher humidity, but they may not be as effective for promoting detoxification as other types of saunas.

Tips for Sauna Use

Regardless of the type of sauna you choose, there are some tips that can help you get the most out of your sauna experience:

Stay hydrated: Saunas can be dehydrating, so it's important to drink plenty of water before, during, and after your sauna session.

Don't overdo it: Saunas can be intense, especially if you're not used to them. Start with shorter sessions and gradually increase the amount of time you spend in the sauna.

Take breaks: It's important to take breaks between sauna sessions to allow your body to cool down and prevent overheating.

Follow safety precautions: Saunas can be dangerous if not used properly. Make sure to follow all safety precautions, including avoiding alcohol and drugs, not staying in the sauna for too long, and listening to your body's signals.

Conclusion

Saunas have been used for centuries for their relaxation and health benefits. Whether you choose a traditional Finnish sauna, an infrared sauna, or a steam room, there are many benefits to be gained from regular sauna use, including improved cardiovascular health, detoxification, pain relief, and skin health. However, it's important to use saunas safely and to choose the right type of sauna for your personal needs and health goals.

Sources

1. Laukkanen, T., Kunutsor, S. K., Khan, H., Willeit, P., Zaccardi, F., & Laukkanen, J. A. (2018). Sauna bathing is associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality and improves risk prediction in men and women: a prospective cohort study. BMC medicine, 16(1), 1-9.

2. Leppäluoto, J., Tuominen, M., Vaananen, A., & Karpakka, J. (1986). Endocrine effects of repeated sauna bathing. Acta physiologica Scandinavica, 128(3), 467-470.

3. Hannuksela, M. L., & Ellahham, S. (2001). Benefits and risks of sauna bathing. The American journal of medicine, 110(2), 118-126.

4. Beever, R. (2009). Far-infrared saunas for treatment of cardiovascular risk factors: summary of published evidence. Canadian family physician, 55(7), 691-696.

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Spermidine: Risks and Benefits

Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine that has been found to have potential health benefits. It is found in a variety of foods, including wheat germ, soybeans, and mushrooms, and has been studied for its potential use in the treatment of a variety of health conditions. In this article, we'll explore the latest research on the risks and benefits of spermidine.

What is Spermidine?

Spermidine is a polyamine that is involved in a variety of cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and death. It is produced by the body and is found in a variety of foods, including wheat germ, soybeans, and mushrooms. Spermidine has been found to have potential health benefits, including anti-aging effects and improved cardiovascular health.

Benefits of Spermidine

Anti-Aging Effects

One of the most well-known benefits of spermidine is its anti-aging effects. In a study conducted on mice, spermidine was found to increase lifespan and improve healthspan. This suggests that spermidine may have potential for use in the treatment of age-related diseases.

Spermidine has also been found to have anti-aging effects on human cells. In a study conducted on human fibroblasts, spermidine was found to improve cellular function and protect against cellular damage.

Improved Cardiovascular Health

Spermidine may also have benefits for cardiovascular health. In a study conducted on humans, supplementation with spermidine was found to improve blood pressure and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Spermidine has also been found to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Potential Anti-Cancer Properties

Spermidine has also been found to have potential anti-cancer properties. In a study conducted on human cancer cells, spermidine was found to inhibit the growth of cancer cells. It has also been found to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy drugs in the treatment of cancer.

Improved Cognitive Function

Spermidine may also have benefits for cognitive function. In a study conducted on mice, spermidine was found to improve memory and learning ability. This suggests that spermidine may be a potential treatment option for cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.

Risks of Spermidine

Limited Research on Humans

While there is promising research on spermidine, much of it has been conducted on animals or in vitro. More research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of spermidine for humans.

Potential Side Effects

Like any supplement, spermidine may have potential side effects. While there is limited research on the side effects of spermidine, some potential side effects include gastrointestinal upset and allergic reactions.

Quality Control

As with any supplement, there are concerns about the quality and purity of spermidine supplements. Consumers should only purchase supplements from reputable sources and should be wary of supplements that make unsubstantiated claims.

Conclusion

Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine that has been found to have a variety of potential health benefits, including anti-aging effects, improved cardiovascular health, potential anti-cancer properties, and improved cognitive function. However, more research is needed to fully understand the risks and benefits of spermidine for humans. Consumers should be wary of potential side effects and only purchase supplements from reputable sources.

Sources

1. Eisenberg, T., et al. (2016). Induction of autophagy by spermidine promotes longevity. Nat Cell Biol, 18(5): 527-36.

2. Madeo, F., et al. (2018). Spermidine in health and disease.

Tetrahydrocurcumin: Risks and Benefits

Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC - the other THC!) is a naturally occurring compound derived from curcumin, which is found in turmeric. THC has been found to have potential health benefits, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this article, we'll explore the latest research on the risks and benefits of THC.

What is Tetrahydrocurcumin?

Tetrahydrocurcumin is a metabolite of curcumin, which is found in turmeric. Curcumin is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, but its low bioavailability has limited its potential use in medicine. THC, on the other hand, has better bioavailability and has been studied for its potential health benefits.

THC has a similar structure to curcumin, but has been found to have greater antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. It is also more stable than curcumin, making it a more attractive option for use in supplements and medications.

Benefits of Tetrahydrocurcumin

Antioxidant Properties

One of the most well-known benefits of THC is its antioxidant properties. Antioxidants are molecules that scavenge free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can cause damage to cells and DNA. This damage can lead to a variety of health problems, including cancer and aging.

THC has been found to have greater antioxidant activity than curcumin. In a study conducted on human cells, THC was found to reduce oxidative stress and protect against cellular damage.

Anti-Inflammatory Properties

THC has also been found to have anti-inflammatory properties. Inflammation is a natural response of the immune system to injury or infection, but chronic inflammation can lead to a variety of health problems, including arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and cardiovascular disease.

In a study conducted on human cells, THC was found to reduce the production of inflammatory cytokines. This suggests that THC may have potential for use in the treatment of inflammatory conditions.

Potential Anti-Cancer Properties

THC has also been found to have potential anti-cancer properties. In a study conducted on human cancer cells, THC was found to inhibit the growth of cancer cells. It has also been found to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy drugs in the treatment of cancer.

Improved Cardiovascular Health

THC may also have benefits for cardiovascular health. In a study conducted on humans, supplementation with THC was found to improve endothelial function, which is a marker of cardiovascular health. THC has also been found to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Risks of Tetrahydrocurcumin

Limited Research on Humans

While there is promising research on THC, much of it has been conducted on animals or in vitro. More research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of THC for humans.

Potential Side Effects

Like any supplement, THC may have potential side effects. While there is limited research on the side effects of THC, some potential side effects include gastrointestinal upset and allergic reactions.

Quality Control

As with any supplement, there are concerns about the quality and purity of THC supplements. Consumers should only purchase supplements from reputable sources and should be wary of supplements that make unsubstantiated claims.

Conclusion

Tetrahydrocurcumin is a naturally occurring compound derived from curcumin, which is found in turmeric. It has been found to have a variety of potential health benefits, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, potential anti-cancer properties, and improved cardiovascular health. However, more research is needed to fully understand the risks and benefits of THC for humans. Consumers should be wary of potential side effects and only purchase supplements from reputable sources.

Sources

1. Panchatcharam, M., Miriyala, S., & Gayathri, V. S. (2019). Tetrahydrocurcumin: A potential therapeutic agent in metabolic syndrome. In Phytochemicals in metabolic syndrome (pp. 235-252). Springer, Cham.

2. Sasaki, H., et al. (2011). Tetrahydrocurcumin, a major metabolite of curcumin, suppresses asthmatic airway inflammation by attenuating eotaxin production in mice. Molecular nutrition & food research, 55(5), 801-808.

3. Aggarwal, B. B., & Sundaram, C. (2013). Curcumin and cancer: an "old-age" disease with an "age-old" solution. Cancer letters, 267(1), 133-164.

4. Hu, Z., et al. (2018). Tetrahydrocurcumin attenuates hypertension-induced endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in vascular smooth muscle cells. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2018.

5. Gupta, S. C., Patchva, S., & Aggarwal, B. B. (2013). Therapeutic roles of curcumin: lessons learned from clinical trials. The AAPS journal, 15(1), 195-218.

Is grounding backed by science?

Grounding, also known as earthing, is a practice that involves connecting the human body to the earth's electrical field by walking barefoot on the ground or using grounding mats, sheets, or patches. The concept behind grounding is that the earth's surface carries a negative electrical charge, which can neutralize the positive charge that builds up in the body due to exposure to electromagnetic radiation and other sources of environmental stress. While grounding has been touted as a way to improve overall health and well-being, there is limited scientific evidence to support these claims.

The Theory Behind Grounding

The concept of grounding is based on the idea that the earth's surface has a negative electrical charge, which can help to neutralize the positive charge that builds up in the body due to exposure to electromagnetic radiation, pollution, and other environmental stressors. According to proponents of grounding, these positive charges can contribute to inflammation, pain, and other health problems.

When the body is grounded, it becomes electrically neutral, allowing the body's natural healing mechanisms to function more effectively. By connecting to the earth's electrical field, grounding is believed to reduce inflammation, improve sleep, reduce stress and anxiety, and enhance overall health and well-being.

The Practice of Grounding

Grounding can be practiced in a variety of ways, including walking barefoot on the ground, using grounding mats or patches, or using specially designed grounding shoes. Some people choose to sleep on grounding sheets or mats, while others prefer to sit or stand on grounding mats while working or watching television.

One popular method of grounding involves using a grounding mat or sheet, which is typically made of conductive material such as silver or carbon. These mats or sheets are connected to a grounding wire, which is then attached to a grounding rod that is inserted into the earth.

Some people also use grounding patches, which are small adhesive patches that can be applied to various parts of the body.

Benefits of Grounding

Proponents of grounding claim that the practice can provide a wide range of health benefits, including:

Reducing inflammation

Grounding is believed to reduce inflammation throughout the body, which can help to alleviate pain, swelling, and other symptoms associated with conditions such as arthritis, fibromyalgia, and other chronic inflammatory disorders.

Improving sleep

Grounding is believed to help regulate the body's circadian rhythm, which can improve sleep quality and duration. Some people report falling asleep more quickly and sleeping more deeply when using a grounding mat or sheet.

Reducing stress and anxiety

Grounding is believed to reduce stress and anxiety by helping to regulate the body's stress response system. When the body is grounded, it is thought to be better able to manage stress and anxiety, which can lead to improved mood and a greater sense of well-being.

Improving immune function

Grounding is believed to improve immune function by reducing inflammation and supporting the body's natural healing processes. Some studies have suggested that grounding may help to boost the activity of white blood cells, which play a key role in the immune response.

Supporting cardiovascular health

Grounding is believed to support cardiovascular health by improving blood flow, reducing inflammation, and supporting healthy blood pressure levels. Some studies have suggested that grounding may help to reduce the risk of heart disease and other cardiovascular disorders.

Evidence for the Benefits of Grounding

While the concept of grounding has been around for centuries, scientific research on the health benefits of grounding is still in its early stages. While some studies have suggested that grounding may provide certain health benefits, the evidence is limited and more research is needed to fully understand the effects of grounding on the body.

One study published in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine in 2013 found that grounding can have a positive impact on the body's electrical and physiological processes. The study found that grounding led to a reduction in inflammation and improved immune function, suggesting that grounding may have potential health benefits.

Another study published in the Journal of Environmental and Public Health in 2012 found that grounding may be effective in reducing stress and improving mood. The study found that participants who used a grounding mat reported feeling less stressed and anxious, and had improvements in heart rate variability and other physiological measures of stress.

Despite these promising findings, some experts remain skeptical of the health claims made by grounding advocates. Some researchers have pointed out that there is limited scientific evidence to support the idea that the earth's surface carries a negative electrical charge, and that more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind grounding and its potential health benefits.

Conclusion

Grounding is a practice that involves connecting the human body to the earth's electrical field by walking barefoot on the ground or using grounding mats, sheets, or patches. While proponents of grounding claim that the practice can provide a wide range of health benefits, including reducing inflammation, improving sleep, reducing stress and anxiety, improving immune function, and supporting cardiovascular health, the scientific evidence to support these claims is limited.

While some studies have suggested that grounding may have potential health benefits, more research is needed to fully understand the effects of grounding on the body. Despite the lack of definitive scientific evidence, many people find grounding to be a helpful and beneficial practice for reducing stress, improving sleep, and enhancing overall well-being.

Sources

1. Chevalier, G., Sinatra, S. T., Oschman, J. L., Sokal, K., & Sokal, P. (2012). Earthing: health implications of reconnecting the human body to the Earth's surface electrons. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2012, 291541. doi: 10.1155/2012/291541

2. Groulx, S. (2016). A systematic review of the physiological effects of grounding. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 22(5), 383-389. doi: 10.1089/acm.2015.0230

3. Oschman, J. L., Chevalier, G., & Brown, R. (2015). The effects of grounding (earthing) on inflammation, the immune response, wound healing, and prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Journal of Inflammation Research, 8, 83-96. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S69656

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5. Willemsen, G., Haan, N. de, & Ferreira, I. (2014). Physiological and emotional effects of grounding: a randomized, controlled pilot study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 20(5), 383-389. doi: 10.1089/acm.2013.0372

Fisetin: The Natural Compound with Potential Health Benefits

Fisetin is a flavonoid compound found in many fruits and vegetables, including strawberries, apples, grapes, and onions. Recent research has suggested that fisetin may have a wide range of potential health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties. In this article, we will explore the potential health benefits of fisetin and the scientific evidence supporting these claims.

Anti-inflammatory Properties of Fisetin

Inflammation is a natural response of the immune system to injury or infection. However, chronic inflammation is associated with many chronic diseases, including heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Fisetin has been shown to have potent anti-inflammatory properties in a number of studies.

A study published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry in 2011 found that fisetin was able to inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines in human lung epithelial cells. Another study published in the same journal in 2014 found that fisetin was able to suppress inflammation in mouse macrophages by inhibiting the production of nitric oxide and other inflammatory molecules.

Antioxidant Properties of Fisetin

Antioxidants are compounds that can help to protect the body from oxidative stress, which is a key contributor to aging and many chronic diseases. Fisetin has been shown to have potent antioxidant properties in a number of studies.

A study published in the Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry in 2012 found that fisetin was able to protect mouse brain cells from oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide. Another study published in the same journal in 2013 found that fisetin was able to protect human skin cells from oxidative stress induced by ultraviolet radiation.

Anti-Cancer Properties of Fisetin

Cancer is a complex disease that involves the uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells. Fisetin has been shown to have potential anti-cancer properties in a number of studies.

A study published in the journal Cell Cycle in 2013 found that fisetin was able to induce cell death in human lung cancer cells. Another study published in the same journal in 2014 found that fisetin was able to inhibit the growth of human prostate cancer cells.

Other Potential Health Benefits of Fisetin

In addition to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties, fisetin has been shown to have other potential health benefits as well.

A study published in the Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry in 2013 found that fisetin was able to improve memory and cognitive function in mice with Alzheimer's disease. Another study published in the journal Aging Cell in 2014 found that fisetin was able to improve cardiovascular function and reduce inflammation in aged mice.

A study published in the Journal of Medicinal Food in 2014 found that fisetin was able to improve insulin sensitivity and reduce inflammation in obese mice.

Conclusion

Fisetin is a natural compound found in many fruits and vegetables that has shown potential health benefits in a number of studies. These benefits include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties, as well as potential benefits for cognitive function, cardiovascular health, and insulin sensitivity.

While more research is needed to fully understand the effects of fisetin on the body and to determine the optimal dosage and duration of treatment, fisetin shows promise as a natural compound with potential health benefits.

Sources

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Sung, B., Chung, H. Y., Kim, N. D., & Kim, H. Y. (2014). Fisetin inhibits cancer stem cell properties and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human lung cancer cells. Cell Death & Disease, 5, e1483. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2014.445

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Currais, A., Prior, M., Dargusch, R., Armando, A., Ehren, J., Schubert, D., & Quehenberger, O. (2014). Modulation of p25 and inflammatory pathways by fisetin maintains cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice. Aging Cell, 13(2), 379-390. doi: 10.1111/acel.12186

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Pari, L., & Satheesh, M. A. (2014). Effect of fisetin, a bioflavonoid, on attenuating oxidative stress in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Life Sciences, 109(1), 27-33. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.05.010

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Mahmoud, A. M., Hussein, O. E., & Abd El-Twab, S. M. (2014). Hesperidin and fisetin attenuate diabetes-induced oxidative stress in liver of diabetic rats. Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 67(2), 39-46. doi: 10.1016/j.jobaz.2014.01.002

The gut microbiome

The human body is host to trillions of microorganisms, collectively known as the microbiome. The gut microbiome, in particular, has been the subject of much research in recent years due to its crucial role in health and disease. The gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem of microorganisms that reside in the gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms. These microorganisms play important roles in digestion, metabolism, immune function, and other bodily processes. In this article, we will explore the gut microbiome, its functions, and its impact on health and disease.

What is the Gut Microbiome?

The gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem of microorganisms that reside in the gastrointestinal tract. The gut microbiome is composed of trillions of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms. These microorganisms work together in a complex web of interactions to carry out a range of functions, including digestion, metabolism, immune function, and many others.

The gut microbiome is highly diverse, with each individual harboring a unique set of microorganisms. The composition of the gut microbiome is influenced by a range of factors, including genetics, diet, lifestyle, and environmental exposures.

Functions of the Gut Microbiome

The gut microbiome performs a range of functions that are essential for maintaining health and preventing disease. Some of the key functions of the gut microbiome include:

Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients

The gut microbiome plays a critical role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food. Certain microorganisms in the gut produce enzymes that break down complex carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, allowing them to be absorbed by the body.

Regulation of Immune Function

The gut microbiome plays a critical role in regulating immune function. Certain microorganisms in the gut produce metabolites that stimulate the production of immune cells and other factors that help protect the body from pathogens.

Maintenance of the Gut Barrier

The gut microbiome helps to maintain the integrity of the gut barrier, which is important for preventing the entry of harmful substances into the body. Certain microorganisms in the gut produce mucus and other compounds that help to protect the gut lining.

Production of Essential Compounds

The gut microbiome is involved in the production of certain vitamins and other compounds that are essential for maintaining health. For example, some microorganisms in the gut produce vitamin K, which is important for blood clotting.

Regulation of Metabolism

The gut microbiome is involved in the regulation of metabolism, including the storage and use of energy. Some studies have suggested that changes in the gut microbiome may contribute to the development of metabolic disorders like obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Impact of the Gut Microbiome on Health

The gut microbiome plays a critical role in health and disease. Imbalances in the gut microbiome, known as dysbiosis, have been linked to a range of conditions, including:

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Imbalances in the gut microbiome have been implicated in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

Obesity

Some studies have suggested that imbalances in the gut microbiome may contribute to the development of obesity.

Type 2 Diabetes

Imbalances in the gut microbiome have been linked to the development of type 2 diabetes.

Autoimmune Diseases

Dysbiosis has been implicated in the development of a range of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

Mental Health Disorders

Some studies have suggested that imbalances in the gut microbiome may be linked to the development of mental health disorders, including depression and anxiety.

Strategies for Improving Gut Health

Given the critical role of the gut microbiome in health and disease, there has been growing interest in strategies to improve gut health. Some of the strategies that have been explored include:

Probiotics

Probiotics are live microorganisms that are intended to provide health benefits when consumed. Certain strains of bacteria have been shown to be beneficial for the gut microbiome and may help to improve digestive health and boost the immune system.

Prebiotics

Prebiotics are non-digestible compounds that are intended to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut. Prebiotics are typically found in certain types of foods, including fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

Dietary Interventions

Diet plays an important role in shaping the gut microbiome. Certain types of food have been shown to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria, while others can have a negative impact on the gut microbiome. Some dietary interventions that have been shown to be beneficial for the gut microbiome include consuming a high-fiber diet, avoiding highly processed foods, and consuming fermented foods like yogurt and kimchi.

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT)

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) involves the transfer of fecal matter from a healthy donor to a patient's gut, with the aim of restoring a healthy gut microbiome. FMT has been shown to be highly effective for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infections and may have potential for the treatment of other conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease and obesity.

Lifestyle Changes

Lifestyle factors, including exercise and stress, can have an impact on the gut microbiome. Exercise has been shown to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut, while stress can have a negative impact on the gut microbiome. Making positive lifestyle changes can help to promote a healthy gut microbiome and improve overall health.

Conclusion

The gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem of microorganisms that plays a critical role in maintaining health and preventing disease. Imbalances in the gut microbiome have been linked to a range of conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, autoimmune diseases, and mental health disorders. Strategies for improving gut health include probiotics, prebiotics, dietary interventions, fecal microbiota transplantation, and lifestyle changes. As research in this field continues to advance, it is likely that new strategies for improving gut health will emerge, offering new opportunities for disease prevention and treatment.

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NAD Patches - Do they work?

Introduction

NAD, or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, is a coenzyme found in all living cells. It plays a key role in a range of biological processes, including energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cellular signaling. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the use of NAD patches as a way to increase NAD levels in the body. In this article, we will explore what NAD patches are, how they work, and their potential health benefits.

What are NAD Patches?

NAD patches are transdermal patches that contain NAD precursors, such as nicotinamide riboside (NR) or nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). These precursors are converted into NAD in the body, increasing the levels of this important coenzyme.

How do NAD Patches Work?

NAD patches work by providing the body with NAD precursors, which are converted into NAD in the body. NAD is a critical coenzyme involved in a range of biological processes, including energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cellular signaling. By increasing NAD levels in the body, NAD patches may offer a range of potential health benefits.

Potential Health Benefits of NAD Patches

1. Improved Energy Metabolism: NAD is involved in energy metabolism, helping to convert food into energy that can be used by the body. By increasing NAD levels in the body, NAD patches may help to improve energy metabolism, potentially leading to increased energy levels and improved athletic performance.

2. Anti-Aging: NAD has been shown to play a role in aging, with declining NAD levels being associated with a range of age-related conditions. By increasing NAD levels in the body, NAD patches may help to slow the aging process, potentially reducing the risk of age-related conditions like Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease.

3. Improved Cognitive Function: NAD has been shown to play a role in cognitive function, with declining NAD levels being associated with cognitive decline. By increasing NAD levels in the body, NAD patches may help to improve cognitive function, potentially reducing the risk of conditions like dementia and Alzheimer's disease.

4. Improved Exercise Performance: NAD has been shown to play a role in exercise performance, with declining NAD levels being associated with reduced endurance and muscle function. By increasing NAD levels in the body, NAD patches may help to improve exercise performance, potentially leading to increased endurance and muscle function.

5. Potential Treatment for Neurological Disorders: NAD has been shown to have neuroprotective effects, potentially offering a treatment option for neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis. By increasing NAD levels in the body, NAD patches may help to protect against neuronal damage, potentially reducing the risk of these conditions.

Conclusion

NAD patches are transdermal patches that contain NAD precursors, such as NR or NMN. By providing the body with these precursors, NAD patches may help to increase NAD levels in the body, potentially offering a range of health benefits, including improved energy metabolism, anti-aging effects, improved cognitive function, improved exercise performance, and potential treatment for neurological disorders. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of using NAD patches.

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The benefits of L-theanine: Stress, cognitive performance and sleep

L-theanine is a naturally occurring amino acid found in tea leaves and some mushrooms. It has gained popularity in recent years as a dietary supplement due to its potential health benefits, particularly in the area of stress reduction and cognitive performance. In this article, we will explore what L-theanine is, how it works, and its potential health benefits.

What is L-theanine?

L-theanine is an amino acid that is found primarily in tea leaves, particularly in green tea. It was first isolated from tea leaves in the 1940s and has been the subject of numerous studies over the years. L-theanine is a non-protein amino acid, meaning that it is not used to build proteins in the body. Instead, it acts as a neurotransmitter and can cross the blood-brain barrier.

How Does L-theanine Work?

L-theanine works by increasing levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, particularly GABA and dopamine. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps to regulate anxiety and stress levels, while dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved in reward and motivation. By increasing levels of these neurotransmitters, L-theanine may help to reduce feelings of anxiety and stress, improve cognitive performance, and enhance mood.

Potential Health Benefits of L-theanine

Stress Reduction

L-theanine has been shown to have a calming effect on the brain, reducing feelings of anxiety and stress. Several studies have found that L-theanine can help to reduce symptoms of anxiety and improve mood in people with high levels of stress.

Improved Cognitive Performance

L-theanine has been shown to improve cognitive performance, particularly in the area of attention and focus. Studies have found that L-theanine can help to improve reaction time and accuracy, as well as reduce errors during cognitive tasks.

Improved Sleep Quality

L-theanine has been shown to improve sleep quality, particularly in people with sleep disorders like insomnia. Several studies have found that L-theanine can help to improve sleep quality and reduce the amount of time it takes to fall asleep.

Blood Pressure Regulation

L-theanine has been shown to have a beneficial effect on blood pressure, particularly in people with high blood pressure. Several studies have found that L-theanine can help to reduce blood pressure and improve vascular function.

Anti-inflammatory Properties

L-theanine has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties, potentially offering a range of health benefits. Inflammation is a key factor in the development of many chronic diseases, including heart disease, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease. By reducing inflammation, L-theanine may help to reduce the risk of these conditions.

Potential Side Effects of L-theanine

L-theanine is generally considered safe and well-tolerated. However, some people may experience mild side effects, including headache, dizziness, and gastrointestinal upset. It is important to talk to your healthcare provider before taking L-theanine, particularly if you are taking any medications or have a medical condition.

Conclusion

L-theanine is a naturally occurring amino acid found primarily in tea leaves. It works by increasing levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, particularly GABA and dopamine. L-theanine has a range of potential health benefits, including stress reduction, improved cognitive performance, improved sleep quality, blood pressure regulation, and anti-inflammatory properties. While L-theanine is generally considered safe and well-tolerated, it is important to talk to your healthcare provider before taking any dietary supplements.

Sources

1. Hidese, S., Ogawa, S., Ota, M., Ishida, I., Yasukawa, Z., Ozeki, M., ... & Kunugi, H. (2019). Effects of L-theanine administration on stress-related symptoms and cognitive functions in healthy adults: A randomized controlled trial.

2. Kimura, K., Ozeki, M., Juneja, L. R., & Ohira, H. (2007). L-Theanine reduces psychological and physiological stress responses. Biological Psychology, 74(1), 39-45. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.06.006

3. Rao, T. P., Ozeki, M., & Juneja, L. R. (2015). In search of a safe natural sleep aid. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 34(5), 436-447. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2014.926153

4. Yokogoshi, H., Kobayashi, M., Mochizuki, M., & Terashima, T. (1998). Effect of theanine, r-glutamylethylamide, on brain monoamines and striatal dopamine release in conscious rats. Neurochemical Research, 23(5), 667-673. doi: 10.1023/a:1022490808567

5. Yoto, A., Motoki, M., Murao, S., Yokogoshi, H., & Horie, N. (2012). Effects of L-theanine or caffeine intake on changes in blood pressure under physical and psychological stresses. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 31(1), 28. doi: 10.1186/1880-6805-31-28

6. Zheng, G., Sayama, K., Okubo, T., Juneja, L. R., & Oguni, I. (2004). Anti-obesity effects of three major components of green tea, catechins, caffeine and theanine, in mice. In Vivo, 18(1), 55-62.

Breathwork: Types and Benefits

Breathwork is a type of alternative therapy that focuses on using breathing techniques to improve physical and mental well-being. It has been practiced for thousands of years in various cultures around the world, but in recent years it has gained popularity in the West as a form of self-care and stress relief. In this article, we will explore the different methods of breathwork and the latest research on its potential benefits.

Breathwork Methods

There are several different methods of breathwork, each with its own unique approach and techniques. Here are a few of the most common types:

Pranayama

Pranayama is a Sanskrit word that means "life force extension." It is a type of yogic breathing that involves manipulating the breath in various ways to control the flow of prana (life force energy) in the body. There are many different techniques of pranayama, ranging from simple to complex, and each one is believed to have different benefits.

Holotropic Breathwork

Holotropic Breathwork is a form of breathwork developed by Dr. Stanislav Grof in the 1970s. It involves deep, rhythmic breathing for an extended period of time, typically 30 minutes to an hour, while listening to music or other auditory stimuli. The goal of holotropic breathwork is to access altered states of consciousness, which can lead to profound insights and healing.

Rebirthing

Rebirthing is a type of breathwork that involves consciously breathing in a circular pattern, without pausing between inhalations and exhalations. The idea behind rebirthing is that this type of breathing can help release emotional and psychological blockages, allowing for greater self-awareness and personal growth.

Wim Hof Method

The Wim Hof Method is a specific type of breathwork developed by Wim Hof, also known as "The Iceman." It involves a combination of deep breathing exercises and exposure to cold temperatures, and is believed to have numerous health benefits, including improved immune function and increased energy.

Potential Benefits of Breathwork

Breathwork has been studied for its potential benefits in a variety of areas, including physical health, mental health, and spirituality. Here are some of the latest research findings on the potential benefits of breathwork:

Stress Reduction

One of the most well-known benefits of breathwork is its ability to reduce stress and anxiety. A study published in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine found that participants who practiced breathwork had lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol than those who did not.

Improved Cardiovascular Health

Some research suggests that breathwork may have benefits for cardiovascular health. A study published in the International Journal of Behavioral Medicine found that participants who practiced slow, deep breathing for 20 minutes per day had lower blood pressure and improved heart rate variability compared to those who did not.

Pain Management

Breathwork has also been studied for its potential benefits in managing chronic pain. A review of several studies published in the journal Explore found that breathwork was effective in reducing pain intensity and improving quality of life in people with chronic pain.

Increased Focus and Concentration

Some types of breathwork, such as pranayama, are believed to have benefits for mental clarity and focus. A study published in the International Journal of Yoga found that practicing pranayama for 12 weeks was associated with improved attention and cognitive performance in older adults.

Improved Sleep

Breathwork has also been studied for its potential benefits in improving sleep. A study published in the Journal of Sleep Research found that participants who practiced slow, deep breathing before bed had improved sleep quality and decreased sleep disturbances compared to those who did not.

Conclusion

Breathwork is a type of alternative therapy that has been practiced for thousands of years and is gaining popularity in the West as a form of self-care and stress relief. There are several different methods of breathwork, each with its own unique approach and techniques, and the potential benefits of breathwork have been studied in areas such as stress reduction, cardiovascular health, pain management, focus and concentration, and sleep improvement.

However, it is important to note that breathwork should not be seen as a replacement for medical treatment, and individuals should always consult with their healthcare provider before trying any new therapy. It is also important to work with a qualified breathwork practitioner to ensure safety and effectiveness.

Overall, breathwork can be a powerful tool for improving physical and mental well-being, and the growing body of research on its potential benefits suggests that it may be worth exploring as part of a holistic approach to health and wellness.

Sources

Brown, R. P., & Gerbarg, P. L. (2009). Yoga breathing, meditation, and longevity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1172(1), 54-62.

Gerritsen, R. J., Band, G. P., & Breath Science Collaboration. (2018). Breath of life: The respiratory vagal stimulation model of contemplative activity. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 12, 397.

Jerath, R., Barnes, V. A., & Dillard-Wright, D. (2015). Jerath, R., Barnes, VA, & Dillard-Wright, D. (2015). Breathing practices for treatment of psychiatric and stress-related medical conditions. Psychiatric Clinics, 38(4), 569-581.

Ma, X., Yue, Z. Q., Gong, Z. Q., Zhang, H., Duan, N. Y., Shi, Y. T., … & Li, Y. F. (2017). The effect of diaphragmatic breathing on attention, negative affect and stress in healthy adults. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 874.

Pal, G. K., & Velkumary, S. (2004). Effect of short-term practice of breathing exercises on autonomic functions in normal human volunteers. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 120(2), 115-121.

Streeter, C. C., Gerbarg, P. L., Whitfield, T. H., Owen, L., Johnston, J., Silveri, M. M., … & Jensen, J. E. (2017). Treatment of major depressive disorder with Iyengar yoga and coherent breathing: a randomized controlled dosing study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 23(3), 201-207.

Are psychedelics a better way to treat depression and addiction?

“Depression and addiction are serious problems,
we need new ways to treat them.”

Depression is a major problem facing the developed world. It is estimated that treatment resistant depression affects around 100 million people. Depression is one of the fastest growing health problems and the leading cause of ill health and disability worldwide.

The rise in drug addiction and overdoses has also been linked to depression. The problem is particularly evident in the United States with the opioid epidemic. For every 1 percent increase in the population that has a depression diagnosis, there is a 25-35% increase in opioid deaths (1).

Last year average life expectancy in the U.S. declined due to rising suicide and drug overdoses. Combined suicide and drug overdoses are now a leading cause of death for 15-34 year olds (2, 3).

The most commonly prescribed medications for depression are SSRI’s (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors). SSRI’s are lifesavers for many people however unfortunately for many others they are ineffective.

Talking therapy and behavioral changes can also be effective ways to treat depression, but these therapies take time, and are mostly only effective for mild and moderate depression. It can also be difficult for people suffering from depression to make such lifestyle changes last.

We desperately need a new approach to treating the mental health problems of depression and addiction and psychedelics have shown a lot of promise.

A brief history of psychedelics

Psychedelics were only introduced to western society relatively recently. It was the Swiss chemist, Albert Hofmann who discovered the effects of LSD by accidentally ingesting it in 1943. In 1959 Hofmann was the first to synthesize psilocybin, the active ingredient in magic mushrooms.

In the early year’s psychedelics were viewed by the medical and scientific community as drugs with promising potential. Beginning in the fifties psychedelics had been used to treat a range of conditions including addiction and depression, LSD was viewed by many as a potential miracle cure for alcoholism.

Unfortunately, psychedelics were also tightly linked to the counterculture movement in the 1960’s. President Nixon believed psychedelics were at least partly to blame for the backlash against the Vietnam war. A blatantly incorrect scientific study on the dangers of LSD also led to increased public concern (4).

In 1966 the US federal government made LSD illegal and in 1970 they classified LSD as a schedule 1 drug in the Controlled Substances Act. A schedule 1 drug is supposed to be
a drug which has high a potential for abuse, has no medical use and for which there is a lack of safety.

This classification effectively shut down all the medical research which was being conducted. Soon after LSD was classified a schedule 1 drug the other psychedelic substances would also join the list.

Are they dangerous?

It is worth noting that most of the concern in the 60’s was overblown. Perhaps these drugs were powerful forces of social change but pharmacologically they are remarkably safe. In fact the traditional psychedelics LSD and psilocybin do not have a known lethal dose. The drugs are not toxic to the liver or other body tissue and have very few drug interactions. No long term physical effects have been observed either. In addition they are not considered addictive. In fact alcohol is believed to be far more harmful than LSD (5).

It should be noted however that there is a psychological risk for people predisposed to schizophrenia or with borderline personality disorders. In addition these drugs cause significant disruption to senses and loss of motor skills. Therefore it is critical that all patients are carefully screened for psychological conditions before administering the drug and all patients need to be closely supervised to ensure they do not accidentally harm themselves while under the influence of these drugs.

What does the research show?

In recent years medical research into applications for psychedelics has begun again in earnest. Clinical studies are already underway at both John Hopkins University and New York University, and several other universities globally exploring the potential for psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin in the treatment of depression, drug addiction, and other anxiety disorders. The results have been promising.

The Food and Drug Administration and the European Medical Association have both classified psilocybin with breakthrough therapy status, this means the early studies have shown such promise that they have decided to expedite the review process in the hope of fast tracking the development of new treatments.

For Depression

Psilocybin, the psychoactive ingredient in magic mushroom has been shown to be effective in treating anxiety and depression, especially in patients with life threatening cancer diagnoses (6).

One study examined 51 patients experiencing depression or anxiety in response to a life-threatening cancer diagnosis. The study was conducted as a double blind, placebo-controlled study. Participants were administered either a low dose placebo or a high dose.

The sessions were conducted in a comfortable environment with two observers present. Participants were encouraged to lie down on the couch, use an eye mask and listen to music through headphones. They were then encouraged to focus on their inner experiences throughout the session.

The results were striking, 83% of participants reported significant increases in well-being and satisfaction 6 months after a single high dose of psilocybin. Interestingly friends, family and colleagues who were interviewed also noticed positive changes in the participants well being and life satisfaction (7).

In a separate study participants who had treatment resistant depression were given a two doses of psilocybin. All participants showed decreased depressive symptoms one week after treatment and almost half continued to show decreased depressive symptoms after 5 weeks (8).

Compass pathways, a life sciences company founded in 2016 is now conducting the first large-scale psilocybin therapy trial for treatment resistant depression, which will take place in Europe and North America in 2019 (9).

In another study researchers noticed that 5-MeO-DMT, one of the strongest psychedelics known, when used in a ritualistic group setting was associated with unintended improvements in depression and anxiety (10).

The effects of 5-MeO-DMT last for around 30-45 minutes, which is much shorter than either LSD (~6-15 hours) or psilocybin (6-8 hours). It is for this reason interesting and perhaps easier to use in a clinical setting. However, the effects of 5-MeO-DMT are the most intense of all psychedelics and it is for this reason that most people experienced in using psychedelics would not recommend 5-MeO-DMT for the first-time user.

For Addiction

In the 50s and 60s psychedelics were regarded by some as a potential miracle cure for addiction. In one study alcoholics who had not responded to treatment were treated with LSD and 40-45% of them had not returned to drinking after a year (11).

The founder of Alcoholics Anonymous, Bill Wilson tried LSD at the Veterans Administration (VA) hospital in Los Angeles on 29 August 1956. Wilson wrote that he believed LSD could have value in the treatment of alcoholics. In Wilsons words “The vision and insights given by LSD could create a large incentive – at least in a considerable number of people." (11)

Unfortunately, most of this knowledge and research conducted during this time was shelved after LSD was classified a schedule 1 drug, however recently these substances are being studied again for addiction.

A recent study examined the efficacy of psilocybin assisted therapy to help people quit smoking. The results were impressive, 80% of participants were not smoking 6 months after the treatment. Currently the most effective smoking treatments struggle to achieve success rates higher than 30%.

What is also interesting is these results were achieved while administering the drug only 3 times. The first dose was administered on the day the subjects decided to quit smoking, a second dose two weeks later and a third dose 8 weeks later.

Again the drugs were administered in a comfortable setting with two professionals supervising. The participants wore eyemasks and listed to music through headphones. This encourages them to have an inward focused trip. The supervisors would try not to involve themselves in the experience.

The researchers noted that the effects witnessed were not a direct biological response to the drug but rather “When administered after careful preparation and in a therapeutic context, psilocybin can lead to deep reflection about one’s life and spark motivation to change.” (12)

Set and setting

A common theme from all the research is that these drugs must be done in the right environment and with appropriate support to prepare for the experience. Support and supervision is required during the experience itself and also to integrate the experience afterwards.

These experiences are like thousands of hours of therapy condensed into a few hours. If the experience is negative there are likely to be no benefits and perhaps it could be harmful. The psychedelic experience or “trip” is very dependent on “set and setting”, participants must feel comfortable and safe, and they must approach the experience with a clear intention. 

The way forward

As psychedelics remain illegal in the US and in most countries, there is a growing number of underground psychedelic therapists. Many of these therapists are doing excellent work however as they are forced to operate outside the law, it is difficult to regulate these operations and it leaves open the opportunity for exploitation.

It is good to see FDA and EMA are fast tracking the approval process. Such drugs could potentially be approved for use in next 5 years. Partial legalization of these drugs would bring their use into the established medical and therapeutic community, helping establish rules and structure around the ethical use.

A strong framework needs to be established so these drugs are used responsibly and to ensure their efficacy. These drugs should only be taken in appropriate settings with correct intentions and supervised by professionals who are trained appropriately and subject to strict ethical standards. Such a framework will minimize the potential for exploitation or negative experiences and should also help prohibit a similar backlash as we saw in the 1960’s.

If you are interested in learning more about psychedelics, I suggest reading Michael Pollens book, How to Change your Mind, which can be purchase on Amazon.

References

1. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00127-018-1594-y

2. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db330.htm

3. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db329.htm

4. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/1967-lsd-was-briefly-labeled-breaker-
chromosomes

5. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)61462-
6/fulltext

6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28585222

7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5367557/

8. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-13282-7

9. https://compasspathways.com/compass-pathways-receives-fda-
breakthrough-therapy-designation-for-psilocybin-therapy-for-treatment-
resistant-depression/

10. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00952990.2018.1545024

11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC381240/

12. https://hub.jhu.edu/2014/09/11/magic-mushrooms-smoking/

BPC-157 | A potential breakthrough in injury repair

What is BPC-157?

Studies suggest that BPC-157 may be beneficial in protecting organs - especially the stomach - and assisting with the healing of various injuries. Because of this many athletes are turning to BPC-157 to help recover from injury.

BPC-157, also known as Bepecin, is a synthetic peptide. A peptide is a small chain of amino acids, BPC-157 consists of a sequence of 15 amino acids. BPC-157 is derived from a protective protein found in human stomachs. As it is not found in nature it is considered ‘synthetic’, however it is derived from ‘natural’ components.

What evidence is there that it works?

The animal studies on BPC-157 appear very promising, it shows potential as a therapy to aid recovery in soft tissues, tendons and ligaments. In these same studies very few negative side effects have been observed, however these are not human studies, so caution should be exercised when extrapolating these results onto humans. Extra care should be exercised if consuming BPC-157 as the potential for negative side effects in humans is not fully understood (1).

For tendon and ligament repair

Due to low blood circulation, tendons and ligaments tend to not heal very well. In one study, the Achilles tendon in rats was cut and BPC-157 was administered to these rats. Healing in the group of rats administered BPC-157 was significantly improved compared to a control group (2). Another studs found similar results when the medial collateral ligament (MCL) of rats was cut and BPC-157 was administered (3).

Further studies have also demonstrated BPC-157 helps with tendon to bone repair (4).

For skeletal muscle healing

Skeletal muscle is the muscle we use in voluntary movement – and that which is most commonly injured in sports. It is one of the 3 major muscle groups, the other two being cardiac muscle (the muscle in the heart) and smooth muscle (muscle which is not under conscious control, such as those lining our intestines).  

In another rat study, the quadricep muscle in rats was cut and BPC-157 was administered. The rats given BPC-157 again showed significant improvements in healing (5).

In addition to healing muscle injury from trauma, studies suggest that BPC-157 may also be effective in healing other systemic muscle problems. Muscle wasting and damage can be caused by many factors including infection, certain diseases or medications. For example stomach lesions can be caused by taking too much ibuprofen.

Various animal studies have demonstrated BPC-157’s ability to assist in muscle repair processes in the instance of:

·         Stomach lesions (6)

·         Potassium overdose (7)

·         Inflammatory bowel disease (8)

·         Overdose of anesthetic (9)

·         Magnesium overdose (10)

·         Weight loss in cancer patients (11)

 

How does it work?

It is still not fully understood how BPC-157 works however it is believed to act on a number of pathways, including the nitric oxide pathway (12) , the FAK-paxillan pathway (13), and upregulation of growth hormone receptors (14).

What are the risks?

There is no known toxicity level for BPC-157 and significant negative side-effects have not been observed. In addition BPC-157 is derived from human gastric juices and therefore is potentially safer that other peptides or drugs which are derived from non-human sources. However caution should still be exercised.

There are only a small number of studies on BPC-157 and almost all of these have been performed in rodents, so the risks for humans are not known. The mechanism of action is also not fully understood.

Some concern has been raised that some peptides and growth factors may promote cancerous tumor growth, however no evidence has been shown to suggest this is the case with BPC-157. In addition BPC-157 has been shown to inhibit and counteract several tumor lines (15).

how is it taken?

BPC-157 can be purchased in many forms, as an injection, a cream and as a tablet.

One study compared the effectiveness of injection versus a local treatment using a cream. Both treatments were administered to two different groups of rats who had their muscles crushed, both methods of treatment proved effective (16). Additionally BPC-157 appears to be effective when taken by mouth (17).

BPC-157 is usually taken daily therefore taking by mouth is preferred by most. It avoids the need for a daily injection - and the associated risks which come with any injection - such as pain at the site of injection or possible infection.

The oral dose which was effective in rats translates to approximately 100-200ug for a person per day.

REFERENCES

1) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00441-019-03016-8

2) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14554208/

3) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20225319/

4) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16583442/

5) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16609979/

6) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0928425799001205

7) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23327997/

8) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24304574/

9) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27060013/

10) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28210905/

11) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29898649/

12) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23755725/

13) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21030672/

14) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25415472/

15) https://journals.lww.com/melanomaresearch/Citation/2004/08000/BPC_157_inhibits_cell_growth_and_VEGF_signalling.50.aspx

16) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18668315/

17) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27895400/

GHK-Cu - a treatment for skin aging?

GHK-Cu is a copper peptide which is naturally occurring in the human body.

A peptide is a small molecule made of amino acids. Peptides are precursor components of proteins.

Peptides are able to mimic signals from the brain to stimulate the body into various processes. For example the presence of a certain peptide may signal the body to stimulate skin repair.

The level of GHK-Cu in our bodies declines as we age. Studies suggest GHK-Cu may be beneficial in promoting wound healing, boosting immunity, reducing inflammation and promotion of skin repair. Due to these purported benefits GHK-Cu is a strong candidate for anti-aging therapy.

Dr. Loren Pickart

GHK-Cu was discovered in 1973 by Dr. Loren Pickart who has his own brand of copper peptide cosmetics called Skin Biology. Dr Pickart discovered that GHK-Cu assisted in wound healing and had anti-inflammatory properties, this led to the development of Iamin Moustirizing Gel – a treatment used for wounds.

Today GHK-Cu can be purchased in pure form from several peptide manufacturers. It can also be found in some specialty cosmetics, however it is rather expensive to produce so is still rather rare.

Benefits of GHK-Cu supplementation

For wound healing

GHK-Cu has been found to enhance wound healing in rats and rabbits. In several studies GHK-Cu cream was applied topically to wounds and it was shown to significantly reduce heling time (1) (2).

A similar effect was also demonstrated in humans. In diabetic patients, treatment with a topical GHK-Cu gel sped the healing of plantar ulcers (3).

Interestingly GHK-Cu injected in one area of the body has also been shown to improve healing at distant body areas. For example GHK-Cu can be injected in the thigh to assist with healing throughout the body (4).

Anti-inflammatory effects

Inflammation is one cause of aging, as discussed in our article on the causes of aging. GHK-Cu has an anti-inflammatory effect. The mechanism of action is not fully understood but GHK-Cu may help reduce signs of aging and also provide a credible substitute for corticosteroids or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to fight inflammation (5).

GHK for the skin

In several studies GHK-Cu seems to be beneficial in reversing signs of aging in skin. GHK-Cu seems to increase the ability for skin sells to survive and multiply – this can help with skin repair, regeneration, elasticity and thickness.

GHK-Cu seems to improve production of skin stem cells, it increases collagen integrity, it reduces scarring (be breaking down large collagen deposits and replacing them with finer deposits. it also protects against photodamage (6) (7) (8).

In one study twice daily application of GHK-Cu to the facial skin of 40 women aged 40 to 65. The trial was run over 8 weeks and the treatment  was found to significantly reduce wrinkle volume and wrinkle depth compared to control serum (9).

GHK for Hair Growth

GHK-Cu has also been found to stimulate hair growth and potentially darken pigments in hair (prevents greying) (10).

Cognitive Benefits

GHK-Cu has been shown to stimulate nerve regeneration. This may be beneficial in preventing or reversing cognitive decline. In one study GHK was shown to increase production of nerve growth factors and the rate of regeneration of nerve fibers (11).

How to take GHK-Cu

We recommend using GHK-Cu containing creams topically. It’s also under the 400 Dalton molecular weight threshold which makes it suitable for topical and transdermal delivery. This is safer than injections and seems to be the more effective method for prevention of skin aging. The chosen cream should not be in excess of 1% GHL-Cu, stronger formulations may be counterproductive.

Products containing GHK-Cu

As GHK-Cu is expensive to produce you should go with a reputable supplier. Make sure you check the color of the product also. Any GHK-Cu cream containing 1% or more GHK-Cu should be bright blue in color.

GHK-Cu is bright blue due to the copper present

Skin Biology

Dr Loren Pickart who discovered GHK-Cu has his own company which sells various creams containing GHK-Cu. The branding of the site is not very sexy but it is one of the cheapest formulations available and a very reliable formulation.

 

The Ordinary (A Deciem brand)

The Ordinary produces the “Buffet” + Copper Peptides 1% serum. Which contains GHK-Cu with a range of other peptides and Hylauronic Acid. At Around $30 for 30ml it is reasonably priced.

NIOD (A Deciem brand)

Deciem produces the NIOD range which contains GHK-Cu in a variety of formulations. NIOD is well formulated, branded and has good reviews but at over $100 for a 15ml tube it is rather expensive.

REFERENCES

1) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14648529/

2) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17083573/

3) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17147644/

4) https://patents.justia.com/patent/5164367

5) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23285694/

6) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23019153/

7) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19319546/

8) https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-f015a350-2cce-3361-99cf-79290da3bb45

9) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312416949_Effects_of_GHK-Cu_on_MMP_and_TIMP_Expression_Collagen_and_Elastin_Production_and_Facial_Wrinkle_Parameters

10) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8326148/

11) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15703015/

APPLICATION OF STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY FOR ANTI-AGING

Stem cell therapies are becoming increasingly popular for anti-aging. Makeup, moisturizers and face masks line the shelves touting the benefits of various “stem cell” formulations. Celebrities and middle age business men and women are flocking to exotic locations to inject themselves with stem cells sucked from their belly fat. Is this all in vein or is there some credible science behind this?

Stem cells show a lot of promise for the treatment of aging and various age-related diseases but the science is new and there are very few high quality studies. In addition, there are many different formulations and delivery methods, each of which is not equally effective. 

In this article we will discuss the various applications of stem cells in anti-aging, and the efficacy of each approach.

WHAT ARE STEM CELLS?

Stem cells are cells which have the ability to divide and transform into other types of cells. They are involved in building every type of tissue in the human body. This is why stem cells have great potential for therapeutic uses in tissue regeneration and repair. 

Unfortunately, the number and function of stem cells in our bodies declines with age, this is one of the reasons why our bodies natural healing and repair processes decline with age, and is a contributing factor to many age-related diseases.

THERE ARE SEVERAL TYPES OF STEM CELLS

• Pluripotent stem cells could become any type of cell in the body. For example, embryonic cells are pluripotent and can become stomach, lung, skin, or brain cells.
  

• Multipotent stem cells develop into different specialized cells of a specific tissue. Unlike pluripotent cells, the fate of multipotent cells is limited. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an example of multipotent cells that can develop into bone cells, cartilage cells, and muscle cells.  MSCs are currently very significant in stem cell therapy because they can readily be harvested from adult donors, unlike the other types of cells.
  

• Unipotent stem cells have the ability to become only one type of cell. For example, the satellite cells of the skeletal muscle are limited to becoming mature skeletal muscle cells.

VARIOUS DELIVERY METHODS OF STEM CELLS

When treating patients for injury or anti-aging purposes there are a variety of stem cell delivery methods, some of the most common approaches are:

Direct injection

This is where the stem cells are injected directly into the site which is being targeted. For example, for arthritis the stem cells would be injected into the affected joint. Or for facial aging, the cells might be injected into the surface of the skin. While there is limited evidence, direct injection of stem cells appears promising.

Grafts

In a graft a bio scaffolds is created to function as a porous and permeable solid structure for stem cell attachment, growth, and migration. This scaffold is then surgically inserted into the site of injury. While there is limited evidence, grafts appear to be a promising method for delivering stem cells to facilitate repair in problem areas.

IV

Some treatments deliver stem cells intravenously. Some doctors claim that the stem cells will be able to target the problem areas in the body and deliver systemic anti-aging benefits. Unfortunately, the evidence to back up this claim is lacking, most stem cells which are injected intravenously end up trapped in the lungs, liver and kidneys (1).

Topical Creams

Some products such as face creams and masks claim they contain stem cell formulations which can be topically applied. There is no evidence that such a formulation would be beneficial as stem cells will not survive in this environment.

ARE STEM CELLS EFFECTIVE FOR ANTIAGING?

Aging is leading risk factor for many diseases, one of the primary causes of diseases like arterial atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, is the decline in the self-repairing capabilities of our cells as we age. A decline in the rate of cell division and the rate at which stem cells transform into other types of cells is a characteristic of aging. This decline in cell division reduces our ability to repair tissues and maintain organs as we get older. Therefore, stem cell technology is a likely candidate to slow or even reverse the aging process. 

Stem cell treatments have shown promise in promoting our bodies self-repairing capability, and therefore could have powerful anti-aging benefits. As stem cells replace our damaged or non-functioning cells, they help us maintain normal function of our tissues and organs (2) (3). 

Stem cells are also known to secrete various biologically active proteins such as growth factors, cytokines and other proteins that are important in cell signaling and vital immune function. This plays a very important role in tissue regeneration.  For example, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can secrete signal protein - vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that stimulates the formation and regeneration of blood vessels. This provides a big advantage for elderly body's ability to repair and regenerate especially because it's more prone to certain diseases (4).

WHAT ARE THE RESULTS SO FAR?

For Longevity

There currently are no conclusive studies in humans demonstrating that stem cell treatments can increase lifespan, however studies in mice show some promise. In one study stem cells were intravenously transplanted to 10-month-old rats once a month throughout their lives. This led to cognitive and physical improvements and their life span was extended by between 23% and 31% (5).

Caution should be exercised when extrapolating these results to humans. These rats were given very large doses and they were given repeatedly throughout their lifetime. In humans the vast majority of stem cells delivered intravenously end up trapped in the lungs, liver and kidneys, very little makes its was to other vital organs such as the heart and brain. In addition, it is not feasible nor affordable for most people to get treatment every month for the rest of their lives.

FACIAL AGING

The production of collagen starts to decline as we age which leads to wrinkles and sagging skin. One study has shown that many small injections of the stem cells just below the surface of the facial skin led to significant improvements in several markers of skin aging. Stem cells helped with formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, survival of the cells & their division, boosted immune response and they helped with overall collagen degradation (6). 

In addition, fat-derived stem cells are often used in plastic surgery as seed cells. They play important role in prevention of photoaging (premature aging of the skin caused by repeated exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV) – sun light). As we age, melanocytes (cells that synthesize skin pigment - melanin) become victim to excess sun exposure, inflammation and hormonal changes which can lead to development of unsightly dark spots and hyperpigmentation. This therapy has been shown to help with these aging symptoms.

FOR THE BRAIN

The function of neural cells in our brains declines with age. Aging in the central nervous system is associated with progressive loss of function which is exacerbated by neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. 

Cell therapy may be able to replenish lost cells and restore brain function. There are two primary strategies to achieve cell replacement. The first is transplantation of exogenous stem cells and the second is stimulating the body’s own activation of its neural stem cell population (7).

As most people would not risk injecting stem cells into their brains for potential anti-aging benefits these experimental treatments are reserved for only the most serious brain injuries. However, stimulating the body’s own production of stem cells may be beneficial, this can be done via supplements which are outlined in our anti-aging guide. (8)

FOR THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

It is well established that our immune system becomes less effective as we age. The decline in immune function which we experience with age, is partly due to the loss in efficacy of our bodies blood cells, largely as a result of decreased production of certain blood cells know as B and T lymphocytes. This can lead to various diseases including cancer. 

Hematopoietic stems cells (HSC's) are stem cells which give rise to other blood cells. Some research has suggested that reconstituting HSC or pluripotent stems cells may rejuvenate the supply of stem cells and help boost our immune systems (9).

HSC’s have been used to boost the immune systems of cancer patients for years via bone marrow transplants, however this treatment should only be reserved for extreme life-saving cases and is not suitable for anti-aging purposes. 

A safer alternative may be rejuvenating our existing stem cell populations, this could be achieved through NAD+ supplementation (see our anti-aging report). 

SKELETAL MUSCLES


One of the reasons our muscles can repair so quickly is we have a very large pool of stem cells in our muscles. As we age, we experience a loss of muscle function partly as out muscle stem cell pool is depleted. 

Some therapies have been shown to restore the ability of muscle stems cells to rejuvenate. One of these treatments is NAD+ recruitment as mentioned in our anti-aging report. Supplementation with NAD+ precursors like NR can help protect from the loss of muscle stem cells, this has been demonstrated this effect in mice (10).

FOR OSTEOARTHRITIS

In clinical trials stem cells have been used to regenerate cartilage and safely treat Osteoarthritis (OA).  Stem cells can have beneficial effects in regulating the microenvironment of damaged tissue, leading to more favorable conditions for tissue regeneration. Stem cells have been used in cell therapy to promote the repair of cartilage, muscle, and bone.

There was no serious side effects demonstrated however due to regulatory issues in the US only Stromal Vascular Fraction (SVF), a cellular extract that is made in a laboratory from fat is currently approved for clinical uses in humans. SVF only contains a small amount of stem cells (11). 

STEM CELL THERAPY – COST, BENEFITS & SIDE EFFECTS

Stem cell therapy can cost anywhere between $500 to $50,000. 

The cost depends on many variables such as the type of stem cells that are being used, where you are performing the treatment, where the laboratory is located, and if the cells that are being used are ethically sourced & regulated.

SIDE EFFECTS & RISKS

Some serious side effects that can occur include: 

• Administration site reactions

• The ability of cells to move from placement sites and change into
  inappropriate cell types or multiply

• Failure of cells to work as expected

• The growth of tumors.
  

Unproven stem cell treatments can be unsafe, so remember - make sure to do your research and ask as many questions as you can before you to commit to an actual treatment. If you are considering treatment in the United States, ask your health care provider if the FDA has reviewed the treatment.

CONCLUSION
 

The results from clinical trials and studies have demonstrated that stem cell have great potential for regeneration medicine and help with age-related problems such as slower regeneration time and degradation of our tissues. However, stem cell treatments are still regarded as experimental in the US. With further development of stem cell technology, it is only a matter of time before it becomes an effective treatment for aging-related diseases and offer new kind of alternatives for antiaging.

Being treated with stem cells is also not without significant risks, including the potential to cause cancer.  Therefore, restraint is advised. Stem cell therapies should only be considered where other options are not effective. If you choose to have a stem cell treatment make sure you go to an approved and accredited facility. Also, it is best to consider treatments which have already shown some promise such as site injections or scaffolds, avoid anyone touting the benefits of a systemic intravenous injection.  

REFERENCES

1) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5260805/

2) Tsang SH (2013) Stem cell biology and regenerative medicine in ophthalmology. Springer, New York

3) Somasundaram I (2014) Stem cell therapy for organ failure. Springer, New Delhi

4) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25797907

5) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26315571

6) https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7315830

7) https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2002.tb00451.x

8) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41536-017-0033-0

9) https://doi.org/10.5966/sctm.2014-0132

10) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf2693

11) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-016-0378-x

How to boost your immunity from COVID-19

The rapid spread of COVID-19 has the world in a panic, at the time of writing this article most countries are in lockdown. This lockdown will help slow the spread but it will not eliminate COVID-19 completely. Staying home, using hand sanitizer and wearing a mask are some of the best ways you can protect yourself and your loved ones, but there is still a risk you will be exposed. If you are it will pay to have a healthy immune system to help you fight off the virus. Being locked indoors might make getting fresh air and exercise difficult so in this article we outline some other ways you can help boost your immune system.

WHAT IS COVID-19?

Corona viruses are family of viruses that cause diseases in animals. They often leave us with cold and flu like symptoms.

Corona viruses spread via droplets, which are extinguished from the body when a person sneezes, coughs, sweats, or even talks or breathes. If you are standing close to an infected person, you may ingest such micro droplets directly by breathing them in. Alternatively, the droplets can land on a surface that you touch. The virus can then be transferred from your hands into your body when you touch your mouth, nose or eyes with your infected hands. That is why it’s important to keep track of your hygiene and often wash your hands with sanitizers or soap.

With COVID-19 approximately 80 percent of cases have mild infection and for the first days many people carrying the disease may display no symptoms at all – which makes the spread a lot harder to control.

WHY IS social distancing IMPORTANT?

We are often told to stay at home and practice social distancing. Why is that so important?

The virus needs a host (living body) in order to replicate itself. If there are no living cells, the spreading of the virus will stop. But it is worth mentioning that viruses can still last on different kinds of surfaces for some time before dying off. We still don’t know for how long exactly, one study has shown that virus can remain in the air for up to 3 hours, on copper up to 4 hours, on cardboard up to 24 hours and on plastic and stainless steel up to 72 hours (1) (2). Another study has shown that COVID-19 is very similar to other human coronaviruses and can stay on metal, glass or plastic for up to nine days (3).

It also allows us to make sure the most vulnerable people are not exposed to the virus. This includes people with pre-existing conditions (chronic diseases, heart disease, cancer), elderly people with respiratory problems or weakened immune systems. 

Viruses like COVID-19 are able to hijack some of the replication functions of our cells in order to copy themselves and spread. In other words: they enter our cell’s and use our cell’s own materials to replicate themselves. This can weaken our immune system and for people with pre-existing conditions and/or respiratory issues – it can even lead to death.

As most people recover from the virus within a few weeks theoretically if everyone isolated for several weeks, most people would recover and the virus would not be able to find a new host to continue replicating and subsequently it would die.

WHAT ARE 5 WAYS TO BOOST OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM AGAINST CORONA VIRUS?

Boosting your immune system is especially important while there is the possibility you may be exposed to a corona virus. Below are some daily habits you can try to include in your lifestyle.

1.   EAT A HEALTHY & BALANCED DIET

Mushrooms

They contain high levels of selenium and B vitamins like riboflavin and niacin. They also contain beta-flucan that have been shown to activate leukocytes – these are small little cells that are part of our body’s immune system. They help the body fight infection and other diseases.

Agaricus bisporus – “The Common Mushroom” is widely distributed in North America and Europe and it has been shown to stimulate body’s immune response (4).

Vitamin C

Make sure to get your daily source of vitamin C because this vitamin is soluble in water and gets washed out of our body very quickly. Foods rich in vitamin C include; broccoli, kiwi, cantaloupe, papaya, red, green or yellow pepper, sweet potato, tomatoes, strawberries and cauliflower.

Vitamin C deficiency results in a reduced resistance against certain pathogens. With regard to the common cold different studies have shown that intake of vitamin C may slightly reduce duration of the illness in healthy persons (5).

Elderberry

Some studies have suggested elderberry extract works for flu infections by reducing the duration of the flu. This may mean it can help your immune system against COVID-19.

Probiotics - low fat probiotic yogurt

Probiotics are bacteria and yeasts with a lot of healthy benefits for our body – they can be found in foods such as yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, pickles, traditional buttermilk. It has been studied that probiotics are potentially effective in combating respiratory diseases such as common cold (6).

Patients that want to decrease the number of days they are ill with a common cold might benefit from the long-term use of probiotics (that contain strains like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium) (7).

Eat fruit and vegetables

A diet that is rich in fruit and vegetables may provide protection against cardiovascular disease, cancers and other chronic diseases. Fruits and vegetables are rich in antioxidants, vitamin C, carotenoids, flavonoids – components that have been shown to enhance our immune response.  

Fruit and vegetables intake is often low in older people which has been associated with increased chronic disease risk (8). In times like these it is important to remind ourselves (and especially elderlies) to eat a variety of fruit and vegetables.

Zinc

Zinc is a mineral that keeps the immune system strong, helps heal wounds, and supports normal growth. People who are deficient in zinc are more susceptible to cold, flu and other viruses (10). Taking zinc in the form of supplements can be a great way to consume your daily recommended intake, especially for the elderly (9).

Low-carb diet

A rise in blood sugar may increase the risk of infections and other complications (10). So you may want to limit processed sugars and cut down on carbs.

2.   GET SOME SUNLIGHT AND FRESH AIR

People who spend a lot of time indoors often lack vitamin D3. Deficiency in vitamin D has been associated with increased susceptibility to infection (11).

Taking Vitamin D supplement seemed to have a mild protective effect against respiratory-tract infections. Patients that were deficient in vitamin D benefited even more from protective effects (12).

It may be hard to get outdoors if you are on lockdown but if you have a backyard, or a balcony the use them. Otherwise try opening a window to get your daily sunlight. You can also take vitamin D supplements if you are unable to get natural sunlight.

3.   REGULAR EXERCISE

Studies have shown that those who exercise tend to suffer fewer infections than those who do not (13). It is not recommended to use shared gym equipment (like weights) because they may be surfaces that are infected with virus, however there are many home-exercise routines you can find on YouTube which are suitable for self-isolation and social distancing.
        

4.   GET PLENTY OF SLEEP

During sleep your brain recharges and cleans itself from all the inflammatory toxic waste of the day (14). There are plenty of studies that support the belief that sleep is very important for health in general. A study from 2017 has shown that people with insomnia had, in average, less immune response to the influenza vaccine (15).

5.   STRESS MANAGEMENT

Chronic stressors likely diminish immune function (16). Stop worrying about things you have little control over such as your stocks, or the virus epidemic - because it will only lead to unnecessary stress.

There are good habits that you can develop that will lead to less stress such as meditation, exercise, and short walks. 

6.  LIMIT SMOKING AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION

In times of stress, people may drink or smoke more as a coping mechanism. Quitting both of these habits would be ideal but if you are unlikely to quit then “moderation is key”.

Smokers and heavy drinkers have increased risk of catching infections and suffering severe complications from infections like COVID-19 (17) (18).

Lastly don’t forget about good hand hygiene and social distancing. If you don’t get sick that’s great! But if you do, at least you can say you are prepared for it.

REFERENCES

(1)   https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2004973

(2)   https://www.livescience.com/how-long-coronavirus-last-surfaces.html

(3)   https://www.journalofhospitalinfection.com/article/S0195-6701(20)30046-3/fulltext

(4)   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19885842

(5)   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19263912

(6)   Br J Nutr. 2014;112:41–54

(7)   https://www.pharmacist.com/article/can-probiotics-shorten-duration-common-cold

(8)   https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/96/6/1429/4571488

(9)    https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/supplement-guide-zinc

(10) https://academic.oup.com/qjmed/article/112/2/101/5133268

(11) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3166406/

(12) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28202713

(13) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29713319

(14) Lange T, et al. Effects of sleep and circadian rhythm on the human immune system, 2010

(15) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27077395

(16) https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1710-1492-4-1-2

(17) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4590612/

(18) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29883409  

Stem Cell Therapy for Sports-Related Injuries

In the last 5 years, we have seen an increasing number of professional athletes turning to stem cell therapies to recover from injury. Tiger Woods, Rafael Nadal, and Max Scherzer have all been reported to have undergone stem cell therapy for their sports-related injuries. 

While stem cell therapy was once prohibitively expensive for most, prices have come down significantly, making it more accessible. In this article we will discuss what stem cells are, the various treatments available and their efficacy and cost.

What are stem cells?

Stem cells are cells in the body that have the potential to self-renew, develop into other types of cells, or divide into identical cells. When there is an adequate source of resources and the right environment, stem cells have the ability to change and become cells with highly specialized functions. Moreover, stem cells are the cells that are responsible in tissue repair and injury recovery in the muscles, liver, kidneys, and lungs (1). There are several types of stem cells:

• Pluripotent stem cells could become progenitors of any type of cell in the body. For example, embryonic cells could become stomach, lung, skin, or brain cells.
  
  
  
  

• Multipotent stem cells develop into different specialized cells of a specific tissue. Unlike pluripotent cells, the fate of multipotent cells is limited.
  
  
  
  

• Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an example of multipotent cells that can develop into bone cells, cartilage cells, and muscle cells. MSCs are currently very significant in stem cell therapy because they can readily be harvested from adult donors, unlike the other types of cells.
  
  
  
  

• Unipotent stem cells have the ability to become only one type of cell. For example, the satellite cells of the skeletal muscle are limited to becoming mature skeletal muscle cells (2).

What is stem cell therapy?

Stem cell therapy is a treatment approach that utilizes stem cells grown in the laboratory. These cells are used to replace lost tissues or to assist existing tissues in performing specific functions. 

Current techniques of stem cell therapy commonly utilize MSCs because they can be derived from various adult organs and tissues, making it easier to be acquired as compared to pluripotent cells. MSCs can be harvested from the placenta, fat cells, liver, lung, or blood vessels (3). 

Stem cells are first harvested or isolated from the donor tissue. The cells are then grown or cultured in the laboratory. When successfully cultured, stem cells are then injected to the recipient and are expected to home to the target organ, in most cases, to the injured site. The recipient is then monitored for possible inflammatory reactions following the injection of stem cells (3).

Stem cell therapy for injury repair

The US Department of Health and Human Services estimates that the average annual number of sports and recreation-related injuries is at 8.6 million per year (4). The ability of MSCs to become mature bone, cartilage, or and other connective tissues make them ideal sources of regenerative tissues for injury repair, especially for sports-related injuries. MSCs could function as regulators of growth and maintenance in these tissues (1). In addition, MSCs release different substances that stimulate the existing cells in the injured tissue to undergo cell division, hence increasing the number of cells and promoting tissue survival (5).

Current regenerative medicine techniques for sports-related injuries include 3 methods:

·       Platelet-rich plasma

·       Bone marrow concentrate

·       Direct grafting of stem cells

The use of BMC and PRP injections have been effective in addressing failed healing or delayed healing fractures. Other recent developments also show BMC and PRP to be effective in rib and mandibular fractures (6). Meanwhile, through the direct grafting of tissue-specific stem cells, MSCs that have matured into the desired tissue type can be integrated into the target tissue (5). Let’s take a quick look at each of these methods.

Platelet-rich plasma

PRP contains a high concentration of platelets and various biologic substances such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and many others. As the cells are derived from the patient the potential for adverse reactions and infection is very low. PRP is not made up of stem cells, but the use of PRP has been found to stimulate MSC proliferation. Thus, PRP is a vital component of stem cell-based therapy in sports-related injuries (7). 

A study published in 2012 showed that the local application of PRP in the repair of rotator cuff injury in patients reduced the pain after surgery. In addition, long-term results showed that PRP aided in the healing of rotator cuff injury in patients (8).
 

Bone marrow concentrate

Bone marrow concentrate (BMC) is another tool that is used for sports-related bone injuries and other lesions. BMC is a rich mixture of MSCs, different bioactive molecules, white blood cells, and platelets. Just like PRP, BMC is also harvested from the patient. This reduces the risk of infection and immune reactions. BMC is used to deliver stem cells to damaged bone, thus initiating repair and healing.

A clinical study done in 2016 showed that treatment of discogenic back pain with BMC injections provided relief of pain and disability improvement. BMC was delivered via disc injection to 26 patients, which showed improvement over the span of 2 years. This will not only benefit athletes with back injuries, but also the general public who could be chronically experiencing back pain (9). Another study published in 2015 reported that the use of BMC for open Achilles tendon repair resulted to excellent outcomes, characterized by early mobilization and zero re-ruptures (10).

Direct grafting of stem cells

Emerging biotech research studies have used the direct grafting of stem cells to focus on the production of tissue engineered bone bioscaffolds. These bioscaffolds are meant to function as a porous and permeable solid structure for stem cell attachment, growth, and migration. Such scaffold material would make it easier for stem cells to adhere to the injured tissue and promote growth of new cells (5). Most of the current studies on the use of stem cells on grafts to repair bone and muscle injuries are still experimental. No clinical trials have been reported so far.

How much does stem therapy cost?

The cost of stem cell therapies depends largely on the specific type of stem cells and tissues involved and the extent of injury. In the US, stem cell therapy for knee injuries range from $3000 to $5000 but the most expensive ones can reach up to $50,000. The same type of treatment costs as low as $2000 in Mexico and in Asian countries such as Thailand.

References

1. Stem cells and the evolving notion of cellular identity. Daley, G. 1680, 2015, Vol. 370.

2. Adult stem cells: hopes and hypes of regenerative medicine. Dulak, J., et al. 3, 2015, Vol. 62.

3. Browne, C., Chung, T. and Atkinson, K. The Biology of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Health and Disease and Its Relevance to MSC-Based Cell Delivery Therapies. [book auth.] L. Chase and M. Vemuri. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy. New York : Humana Press, 2013.

4. American Physical Therapy Association. Sports and Recreation-Related Injuries Top 8.6 Million Annually. APTA. [Online] January 4, 2017. https://www.apta.org/PTinMotion/News/2017/1/4/SportsInjuries/.

5. Young, M. and Doran, M. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapies for Bone and Tendon Conditions. [book auth.] L. Chase and M. Vemuri. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy. New York : Humana Press, 2013.

6. Siddiqui, I., Mazzola, T. and Shiple, B. Techniques for Performing Regenerative Procedures for Orthopedic Conditions. [book auth.] G. Malanga and V. Ibrahim. Regenerative Treatments in Sports and Orthopedic Medicine. New York : Demos Medical Publishing, 2018.